Developing Americas Second Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Creating Americas Second Language - Essay Example This language is additionally simple for most American residents since it involves values that are upheld by cultural fantasies, which are continually rehashed in the mainstream society (Wallack and Lawrence 567). Wallack and Lawrence declare that, in spite of the fact that this language might be mainstream among Americans, it isn't adequate enough for propelling general wellbeing. In this manner, a second language that appropriately addresses the one of a kind general wellbeing approach should be created. Absence of an all around created language, for tending to general wellbeing concerns, adversy affects the wellbeing area more than the issues of how the specialists spend their functioning hours. In the United States, the detailing of open approaches, which mirror the disciplinary hypothesis of general wellbeing to embrace, has been an impressive test to the assemblies (Wallack and Lawrence 567). Wallack and Lawrence, in their article Discussing Public Health: Developing America’s â€Å"Second Language† present a subsequent language, in the U.S. culture, which can altogether help in tending to general wellbeing concerns. This is the language of interconnectedness (Wallack and Lawrence 567). The language of interconnectedness is a language of compassionate and libertarian estimations of network and association. General wellbeing, in this specific circumstance, is characterized based on how the general public adjusts contemplations of social responsibility and moral duty, in open arrangements, which influence wellbeing. Social duty, philanthropy, and libertarianism, which are the qualities that direct a social equity direction to general wellbeing (Wallack and Lawrence 567), typically appear to be insufficient in tending to the ethical reverberation of independence viably. The substance and thoughts introduced, in this article, are of noteworthy advantages to the general wellbeing area. The article proposes that, in a culture overwhelmed with dubious of government force and moral duty, it is hard for general wellbeing experts to embrace

Classroom Observation

Study hall Observation I. Setting a. Perusing class b. 2 staff/around 17 understudies c. Littler class than expected and one of a couple of homerooms that have an extra staff (paraprofessional) d. fourth grade (understudy works on second grade level for Reading) II. Kind of Task a. Free perusing/worksheet Antecedent Student is given an autonomous understanding undertaking. Conduct Disruption Consequences Least to most progression of student’s explicit conduct plan. Precursor in detail When given a free understanding task (following comparative gathering work task) understudy will become baffled on account of the trouble of the task causing the maladaptive conduct depicted Behavior in detail For this understudy problematic conduct is characterized as any event of getting out, prodding others, ridiculing, kicking his work area, and additionally shouting/hollering that meddles with his and his peers’ instructional time. Outcomes in detail This student’s maladaptive conduct of disturbance will bring about outcomes that run from the least to most chain of importance. This is explicitly redirection to task, verbal censure of forthcoming outcomes, in class break away from most of the understudies (as of now the understudy is as yet required to be dealing with the autonomous undertaking), out of class break (checked by the paraprofessional), sent to the conduct pro allocated to this understudy. This last advance regularly brings about a call to the parent/gatekeeper clarifying the student’s maladaptive conduct. It additionally may bring about the prerequisite of a gathering of the appropriate gatherings included (educator, paraprofessional, and conduct authority. Dwayne Williams03/29/2010 AntecedentsBehaviorConsequenceFunction Student is given an autonomous understanding errand. Disturbance Least to most pecking order of student’s explicit conduct plan. For Attention Peers Staff

8 Great Literary Memoirs

8 Great Literary Memoirs This list of great literary memoirs is sponsored by How to Write an Autobiographical Novel by Alexander Chee. From the author of The Queen of the Night, an essay collection exploring his education as a man, writer, and activistâ€"and how we form our identities in life and in art. As a novelist, Alexander Chee has been described as “masterful” by Roxane Gay, “incomparable” by Junot Díaz, and “incendiary” by The New York Times. With How to Write an Autobiographical Novel, his first collection of nonfiction, he’s sure to secure his place as one of the finest essayists of his generation as well. If I had a car, the bumper sticker would say, I BRAKE FOR LITERARY MEMOIRS. In this great big world of ours, no one lives the same life as anyone else, and thats what makes memoirs so interesting: learning about all the different things peoples experience in their lives. I find memoirs by writers to be especially interesting because not only do they have fascinating lives, but they are using their craft, the very thing they do for work, to tell the story of themselves. Soooo many writers have published wonderful literary memoirs, but here are 8 of them that I especially love. Tell us about your favorites in the comments! I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings  by  Maya Angelou This is Angelous heart-wrenching debut memoir about her time as a child in the South with her grandmother (after being abandoned by her mother), the terrible attack she suffered after her return to St. Louis at age eight, how that incident shaped her life, and how she learned to break free from her trauma and move ahead with her life. Its a beautiful love letter to reading and writing as well as letting go of the past. The Boys of My Youth by Jo Ann Beard A collection of autobiographical essays that delve into Beards innermost feelings and memories about her youthful longings for the neighborhood bad boys, her close-knit group of female influences growing up, a young romance with a cousin, marriage, children, a road trip gone awry, and more. This was Beards debut book and it made her an instant literary star. An American Childhood by Annie Dillard Dillards account of growing up in Pittsburgh in the 1950s. Her story is so simple but her writing is so excruciatingly perfect that it becomes intensely fascinating. I can still remember her perfect descriptions of the shadows on the wall at night created by passing cars and how they frightened her. Side note: Annie Dillard was one of Alexander Chees writing professors. Crazy Brave: A Memoir by Joy Harjo This is a beautiful memoir from one of Americas most important Native American voices. Harjo grew up in Oklahoma, living in the shadow of an abusive stepfather. She found solace in the arts, and used her gift to help her through her childhood and her life as a single teen mother, to become a talented poet and musician. The Recovering: Intoxication and Its Aftermath  by  Leslie Jamison This has only been out a few weeks, but it deserves attention because its that good. Jamison, best know for  The Empathy Exams, examines stories of addiction recovery, including her own. Using a blend of memoir, investigative reporting, and literary criticism, she deftly tells a new narrative about recovery, the history of recovery, the criminalization of addiction, and more. Heart Berries: A Memoir  by  Terese Marie Mailhot This one got me right in the feels. This is Mailhots account of growing up on a reservation in the Pacific Northwest, her unstable upbringing, her hospitalization for PTSD and bipolar disorder, and how she began writing, starting with the journals she kept in the hospital. This is not just a work of memoir, it is a work of poetry, of song, of art. It is a thing of beauty. Darkness Visible: A Memoir of Madness  by  William Styron This is a classic. Its Styrons very candid account of dealing with depression and suicidal thoughts, and how his illness affected him, even in his most triumphant moments. I was struck by how eloquently and clearly he describes what it feels like to be in the grip of depression, and how unusual it was at the time for someone in the public eye to admit to having these thoughts and feelings. Its a small but tremendous memoir. Where the Past Begins: A Writers Memoir  by  Amy Tan This is a fascinating look into Tans mind. In shifting narrative, she discusses the stories of her youth, her childhood traumas, her relationships with her parents, and some family secrets, as well as her influences as a writer, her journals, and how the world around her influences her writing. Its a lovely ode to the shifting face of memory. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Arthur Millers The Crucible Essay - 947 Words

Arthur Millers The Crucible The Crucible was written by Arthur Miller. Arthur Miller was brought before a committee in 1956 to answer charges of communist sympathy and to name the people he had had meetings with up to twenty years before. Liberal writer, film directors, actors and actresses were all called before the committee. The committee often had lists of names of people who had attended meetings yet they still forced witnesses to recite names, to see if they would comply and give the right names. This action and others performed by the committee lead Arthur miller to associate his treatment and the treatment of others with the witchcraft trails that had taken place in Salem, Massachusetts, USA, two centuries†¦show more content†¦Within the first few minutes of the dialog, unnatural causes for Bettys illness are mentioned. The audience is automatically compelled and prepares for a bewitching play. As this is going on, Parris, Bettys father, becomes very secretive about the causes of bettys illness, and the audience associated Parris with a man who is very conscious of his reputation, and what other people think, and have to say about him, and also one of the leading roles. Abigail reveals there have been rumours of witchcraft, the audience becomes more and more enthralled and fascinated by what is going on. From the beginning it is apparent to the audience that Abigail is lying to her uncle, and at times it is even blatant. She delivers excuse after excuse, as if it had been practised, to convince Parris of their innocent dancing. The audience is able to conclude that Abigail is a very skilled fabricator, and that this will undoubtedly lead to trouble. Mrs Putnam eventually enters, and tells that her daughter is also ill. She says her daughter flew, Abigail denies it. Mrs Putnam reveals that seven of her babies have died at birth and Ruth, her ill daughter, is the only one surviving. She says that Tituba, Parris slave can speak to the dead and she had asked her to speak to her dead babies and out who murdered her babies, saying but who else mayShow MoreRelatedArthur Millers The Crucible1002 Words   |  4 Pagesreligious authority; this is now deemed unconstitutional in America. A community run by Puritans, Salem, Massachusetts, became so far corrupted in 1692 that a heinous witch-hunt resulted. In response to these events, Arthur Miller wrote a play called The Crucible. Shaped by Miller’s experience of being tried before the congressional committee during the hunt for communists in the 1950s, his writing directly paralleled Salem’s witch-hunts to the McCarthy hearings. In his play, Abigail Williams wasRead More Arthur Millers The Crucible Essay2614 Words   |  11 PagesArthur Miller s The Crucible Arthur Miller demonstrates the familiarities of the life he lived in the 1950s and of everyday life we live in through his plays. He communicates through his work to the way people are in society. The extreme witch hysteria deteriorated the rational and emotional stability of its citizens. This exploited the populations weakest qualities, and insecurities. The obvious breakdown in social order led to the tragedy that saw innocent souls hang on the accusationRead More Arthur Millers The Crucible Essay1231 Words   |  5 PagesArthur Millers The Crucible The Crucible is based on the Salem Witch Trials in 1692. In act 1 the audience find out that John Procter had an affair with Abigail Williams, who was dancing in the woods, and that she still has feelings for him. When John denies their love Abigail starts accusing people of witchcraft. Act 2 is when we meet Elizabeth Procter who gets arrested on suspicion of witchcraft. In act 3 John goes to court trying to free his wife and the others but without much luckRead More Arthur Millers The Crucible Essay3348 Words   |  14 PagesArthur Millers The Crucible The Crucible was written in 1952 by the twentieth century American playwright Arthur Miller (1915-.) Miller was born in New York and educated at the University of Michigan where he began to write plays. Most of Millers plays are set in contemporary America and on the whole offer a realistic portrayal of life and society and the theme of self-realization is re-current e.g. John Proctor in The Crucible. The Crucible was the third play Miller wroteRead MoreArthur Millers The Crucible Essay1404 Words   |  6 PagesArthur Millers The Crucible During The Crucible Proctor is easily cast as a villain and other characters clearly see this side of him. This is evident when Abigail shows her attraction for Proctor and her flirtatiousness is obvious to the audience as she talks to Proctor, she moves closer to Proctor and the stage directions suggest that there is a Faint smile Upon Proctors face, this smile widens as Abigail truthfully explains what happened the night beforeRead MoreArthur Millers The Crucible : An Allegory For Mccarthyism750 Words   |  3 Pagesworks and is paid according to their abilities and needs.† Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible† is an allegory for McCarthyism during the red scare due to the identical proceeds that divulge within not only The Crucible’s plot but also history, such as the accused confessing to a crime they did not commit to save their life, people rising to power by taking advantage of others, and accusations having credibility with no affirmation. â€Å"The Crucible† was published in 1952 just two years after the start of theRead MoreEssay on Language in Arthur Millers The Crucible525 Words   |  3 PagesLanguage in Arthur Millers The Crucible One aspect of The Crucible that is really Important is the way that Arthur Miller writes, and the language that he has used. His style is rather simple, with simple sentence structure on the whole, and quite simple vocabulary, he wanted to keep everything simple in this way in The Crucible, to prevent focus being taken away from the plot and the problems that the characters were facing with each other. So Miller doesRead MorePuritan Intolerance In Arthur Millers The Crucible808 Words   |  4 PagesMcCarthyism is well-known and embraced by Arthur Miller. His 1953 play on the Salem witch trials act as an allegory to Joseph McCarthy’s scandal, comparing them to a â€Å"witch hunt†, thus an allusion to the Salem tragedies. Miller uses his characters in a strict way to develop his allegory of the Puritan intolerance. Strongly implanted by Miller, his theme of intolerance demonstrates what thoughts spring to life and what he is trying to put forth. In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, Miller uses his characters ofRead MoreAllegory For Mccarthyism In Arthur Millers The Crucible767 Words   |  4 Pagesto no evidence, but people were forced to confess or they would be prosecuted. Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible† is an allegory for McCarthyism during the red scare due to the near parallel events that confide in the plot and history such the accused confe ssing to a crime they did not commit to save their life, people rising to power by taking advantage of others, anda accusations having merit with no evidence. â€Å"The Crucible† was written in 1952 just two years after the start of the McCarthy era. WithRead MoreCommunism And Communism In Arthur Millers The Crucible711 Words   |  3 PagesSimilar to, in 1953, Arthur Miller an American playwright, scripted the play titled â€Å"The Crucible†. The McCarthy hearings of the 1950s inspired the notable play. Consequently, after the hearing, McCarthyism became a vociferous campaign carried out by Senator Joseph McCarthy, which accused people of communism. To declare, Miller uses an analogy using the events of the Salem Witch Trials of 1693 to expose the ugly truth behind communism and McCarthyism. To begin, the word crucible derived from the

Ethical Vignette Essay - 773 Words

Title: Ethical Vignette Abstract In this paper I will discuss the ethical vignette as it deals with confidentiality and ethical dilemmas that counselor’s face. I will reflect on a video presentation as well as the North Carolina rules and regulation and the ACA Code of Ethics as it relates to confidentiality and ethics. I will explain why confidentiality is important and what the rules says about it. This will help me and others to become a better counselor. Ethical Vignette Summary As I began to read and listen to the material that dealt with the Ethical vignette as it dealt with confidentiality and ethical dilemmas that counselor’s will deal with in their day to day work environment. The video presentation made me†¦show more content†¦(1983, c. 755, s. 2; 1993, c. 514, s. 2.) â€Å". Next I looked at what ACA code of Ethics mandates that we do concerning these matters. In Section B.1.c counselor has to respect the rights of all clients to confidentiality and cannot share the information without client consent or without legal or ethical justification. Also in Section C.2.e and f states that the Counselors should take reasonable steps to consult with other counselors or related professionals when they have questions regarding their ethical obligations or professional practice and they must take continuing education so that they can maintain reasonable levels of awareness. Response My reaction to the video at first was â€Å"This is a long video† then I began to really listen to what they were talking about and reflect on what they were saying and how it applies to me right now. I began to change my thought process on how serious this really is. Now believe me I know how important it is because I work in the field every day, but it made me want to make sure that I’m doing the right things the way that they are supposed to be done. Making sure that confidentialityShow MoreRelatedEthical Vignettes2404 Words   |  10 PagesFoster cases, the Sexton case involved approval of release of the audio records by a family member with full legal authority to grant permission. Dr. Orne was not sanctioned in any way for the release of the tapes. 3 1. Please explain which ethical codes are relevant to the preceding cases. Be specific. B.1.b. Respect for Privacy Counselors respect client rights to privacy. Counselors solicit private information from clients only when it is beneficial to the counseling process. Ms. ForwardRead MoreThe Ethical Principle Of Confidentiality Essay757 Words   |  4 PagesVignette One Remley and Herlihy (2016) defines confidentiality as an ethical concept which refers to the counselor s obligation to respect the client s privacy and in session discussion will be protected from disclosure without their consent (p.108). The receptionist never disclosed what was being discussed in wife A session; however, her inadvertent breach of confidentiality occurred the moment she divulged the fact that wife A is a patient at a mental health facility. An important premise toRead MoreThe Ethical And Legal Situations Of Mental Health1416 Words   |  6 Pagesorganization and supervisee at the same time. This paper incorporates 2 case vignettes that deal with recognizing lawful and moral issues that supervisors must manage when working with another trainee or different supervisees. An endeavor to depict the basic leadership process and choices that maintain the moral guidelines of the calling is attempted in this paper. Case Vignette 1 Understanding the ethical and legal situations that are involved in the position of supervisor is importantRead MoreProfessional Counselors : Ethics, And Maryland s Board Regulations1401 Words   |  6 Pages Ethical Vignette Paper 2 Kristen L. Pruitt Liberty University Abstract Professional counselors deal with many legal and ethical issues in the course of treating clients. Some of the issues they may come across include dual relationships, boundaries, bartering, sexual relationships, gift giving, touching a client, and how to begin or end treatment. Some of these issues may seem straightforward in theory, but they can become complicated in practice. In these cases, if possibleRead MoreHow The Turnaround Team May Have Used Gerard And Teurfs Transformation Skills770 Words   |  4 Pagesand ideas of employees to create the new code of ethical conduct. This process would lead to a better chance for buy-in from the employees on transformational change. Tyco used vignettes to communicate changes in ethical behavior. Write a vignette that could be used by Tyco to assist in overcoming the cultural change barriers that companies like Tyco faced. What international issues might need to be taken into account in writing these vignettes? Tyco would need to produce a series of videosRead MoreConfidentiality : Confidentiality And Confidentiality1161 Words   |  5 Pagesexceptions to confidentiality, counselors should be sure to understand and always explain them to the client. â€Æ' Summary Confidentiality is something that a client expects when they choose to meet with a counselor, a mutual known understanding. The vignette presentation covered a multitude of sceneries when dealing with confidentiality and the exceptions to maintaining this confidentiality. According to the presentations when a client or makes an actual threat of physical harm to an identifiable victimRead MoreVignette essay1110 Words   |  5 Pagesthe five Vignettes to write about. Please review the following vignettes. Use your text and class notes as a reference to determine what theoretical approach can assist you in providing an explanation to the reasons why the following individuals have the coping mechanisms and behavior that they do. Identify all the major issues with each scenario. Define the interventions that can assist in each case. Are there any identifiable strengths with each case? Lastly point out any ethical issue sRead MoreLeadership, Consultation, And Ethics958 Words   |  4 PagesWhat are the ethical and legal dilemmas this vignette introduced? What would be your immediate steps and why? Please be specific and make sure that you describe your process of ethical decision making and the solutions/consequences to which this process might lead. Your discussion should be informed by the American Psychological Association’s Ethics Code as well as the Specialty Guidelines for Forensic Psychologists. In dealing with individuals such as Mr. Mendez a variety of ethical and legal dilemmasRead MoreUnderstanding Multicultural Concerns May Influence People Essay1345 Words   |  6 Pagestreatment. Errors of or potentially obliviousness toward social contrasts may create violence or confusion which may require therapeutic consideration. This paper analysis two case vignette. Both vignettes deal with ethical and legal guidelines to be considered with working with a diverse culture. Case Vignette 1 Distinctive ways to deal with treatment inside various cultures, and the route in which culture can strengthen the stigma of certain illness. Cultural pluralism recognizesRead MoreQuestions On Ethics And Ethical Dilemmas1895 Words   |  8 PagesRunning Heading: Ethical Dilemmas Vignettes Capella University Ethical Dilemma Vignettes Advance Ethics Leadership Study in Human Behavior Dr. Washington January 30, 2015 Ethical Dilemma Vignette Abstract In this seminar the researcher will addressed to ethical dilemmas, these ethical dilemmas will be two complex situations that often involves an apparent conflict in which will result in transgressing another. In every organization individuals face ethical and moral dilemmas, which

Role of Marketing in the Non-Business Environment Free Essays

October 2012 -Role of Marketing in the non-business environment since article â€Å"Broadening the Concept of Marketing† by Philip Kotler and Sidney J. Levy was published in 1969 — Written by Anthony Chi Yuen CHAN 1 Abstract Social economic development over the past 40 years has been drastic over the world. From 1970 to 2010, global GDP has grown over 20 times from 3,288 billion USD to 63,064 billion USDi. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Marketing in the Non-Business Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Government consumption expenditure per capita increased from 140 USD to 1,640 USD on global bases. In well developed countries and economic zone (like UKii and EU), ocial protection, general public services, health care, education, and national and public order and safety account for over 70% of government total spending. cause the increase of spending in the public sector? What had been changed to While large amount of money had been spent, what has changed in the public sector to ensure the effectiveness of spending? Private sector managerial techniques, practices and orientations, marketing strategies and dimensions helped shaping the evolution of public management to be more efficiently and effectively. The purpose of this paper is to state specific examples of the adaptation of marketing management strategies and tactics at the selected areas of public services. Particular case will illustrate how STP, 4P’s, and 3P’s adopted in the decision making process. Understanding the background of social evolution, we will examine how demographic and economic improvement has driven these marketing strategies in these civil services in Hong Kong over the past 40 years. Introduction Every organization, private sector or public services alike, depend greatly on marketing strategies and communication to promote their goods and services. Hong Kong Government has evolved its public communication from minimum interaction to highly involvement in planning, researching, consulting, implementing of the new regulations and policies. The objectives are obvious, better execution, greater acceptance, less rebellious toward administrative power. After Second World War, Hong Kong was governed by British system. One will not be surprised to learn Hong Kong transformation from a small fishing village to a modern business and manufacturing city was greatly benefited by immigrating many British public services and social management policies and experiences. At the beginning of the colonial rule, many of the establishment and policies were implemented through a direct top down approach. British Government at the U. K. assigned Governor to Hong Kong to decide and implemented all policies across the society. Minimum communication was noted from the Government for promotion of new policies. ommunication. External limitation also put barriers to effective At the 1950’s social communication media was very limited. The lack of basic formal communication tools like newspaper and radio broadcasting was one of the challenges at the beginning. General population literacy was low also accounted for limitation of communication. As society improved, education level has risen, government new policies w ere demanded to be explained and rationalized before implementation. Modern government communications have to utilizing all available tradition and modern media. Advertising through multi-lingual newspaper, prime time television advertising at television, radio broadcasting with advertisement and commentary shows; public transportation exterior/interior advertising; mobile phone messaging; smart phone application; internet media (blogs; facebook; twitters; government web sites etc) are fully utilized to let government communication reaching complicated social segments. Likewise, the internet age of marketing communication channels also encouraged faster and direct general public feedback be reverted to the concerned government bodies. Privatization of some public services, like parks and garden management, public area hygiene, and airport security management of non-critical zone etc. , influenced the image of quality services. Service privatization also has a reverse influence back to Government to review marketing strategies. As a result, Hong Kong civil service activities are managed through a more business-like management structure, and commercial marketing strategy and tactics becoming more evidence. We will examine various examples of Government policies and activities where marketing management philosophies are adopted. Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) – Marketing as strategy (STP) While social and economic development enriched, modern social needs becoming complicated, deeper to details, and towards long term stability. Majority of population has their basic humanity needs satisfied, the Government started to consider long term social protection. Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) is designed for workforce to plan for retirement life. Before the implication of the MPF System, only about one-third of the Hong Kong workforce had some form retirement protection. From a marketing strategy point of view, MPF program identified the need for retirement saving for all workforces. Therefore, any employee, no matter full time or causal, at the age between 18 to 65 is included in the segment. The main target groups within this segment are those employee who has no experience nor has knowledge to establish his/her own retirement saving program with financial institutes. Therefore, it is required by law to join compulsory retirement saving plan for a minimum saving level per month. For employee who are not in the main target (i. e. apable and willing to contribute more than the minimum saving level), the MPF program has the flexibility to allow non-target group contributors to put extra money to the mandatory saving level. MPF is a financial saving services that position itself as mass population at a monthly affordable contribution rat e. There are similar retirement saving options offered by other financial institutions, but most of them are not tar geting mass market. A series of TV commercial were made and aired (for example http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=-DcC1pccSTM) for the promotion of MPF. In the video, it is clearly illustrated the segment, target, and position of this program. Intangible (services) vs Tangible (physical) – 4P’s : Products Public management is traditionally considered to be a service oriented sector, and therefore offering intangible products. Public security, national health, emergency assistance, education, 3 and legal justice, just to name a few, are critical services provided by public administrators. Public administration also provides tangible products such as subsided housing, government publication, municipal water supply, and land sale etc. Public Housing Strategy – 4P’s : Price Hong Kong Housing Society and Hong Kong Housing Authority offer government subsidized housing for particular population segment. Because of the complexity of housing demand and affordability, Government designed four major types of subsidized housing programs. All of these public and subsidized housing program are targeted to different user groups, and are positioned very differently. Each of the program also has different level of discount rate, either for sale or for rent, when compare with open market value. ange of restrictions and eligibility criteria. Users are generally subjected to a Each of the pricing structure is evaluated based on target group income and affordability. Market researches are done, and public hearing is held before program reveal to public. Public housing prices are designed to balance user affordability and at the same time protect open market housing prices stability. Below are the iii four main housing schemet :. ? Home Ownership Scheme estates are subsidized sale-to-public housing estates for low-income residents. They are usually built adjacent to or within Public Rental Housing and nearly identical in construction. They are managed by the Hong Kong Housing Authority and are earmarked for sale to low-income qualifiers at prices which are heavily discounted from market value, and the land value is similarly subsidized. The mortgage and resale of these units in the second-hand market are likewise restricted to eligible low-income residents. Within a public housing estate development, some blocks may be designated by the Authority exclusively for rental while others may be earmarked for sale. ? Tenants Purchase Scheme allows existing tenants in the rented public housing program to purchase their flats. The sale prices are set around 50% to 60% lower than the market prices of private flats due to subsidies and restriction on selling. ? Flat-for-Sale Scheme allows flats under the scheme for sale at concessionary price. ? Sandwich Class Housing Scheme estates were built for sale to lower-middle and middle-income residents, known as the sandwich class, who did not qualify for low-income public housing in the Home Ownership Scheme but still had trouble affording private housing. The quality and market positioning of Sandwich Class Housing were significantly higher than public housing estates and comparable to some middle-class private developments. These units were sold at levels that were slightly below market value and came with a five-year resale restriction. Land development as new source – 4P’s : Place Hong Kong has land size at 1,100 square kilometers, and population grown from four million in 4 1970 to 7. 2 million in 2010. That makes Hong Kong one of the most densely populated city in the world. Hong Kong Land Department holds one of the most scared resources, land. Urban development and local economic highly depend on availability of land sales. Therefore, promotion and marketing communication of land planning become increasingly important over years. Private sectors as well as general citizen concern about future new land supply as well as timeworn redevelopment zone. Land development as well as land source of land affects property prices, and the urbanization development planiv. One good recent example is the Geotechnical Engineering Department confirms the technical capability of underground land and cavern for new source of land. This marks a new era for the possible new â€Å"place† for future property market and industrial zone development. The GED makes use of short video to promote new land supply idea (see endnote’s hyper link)v. Crime prevention – 4P’s : Promotion Police force goals and objective have dramatically changed for the last four decades from mainly law enforcement operation to equally emphasizing the importance of crime prevention. Study have shown in different country that increase of police force does not necessary reverse proportion to the number of crime. i Therefore, a lot of marketing and promotion effort have been dedicated to home security design, drug abuse prevention, internet crime awareness, and police force recruitmentvii, proper automobile driving technique etc. As social and communication media develops and widened, communication channels broadened from traditional newspaper advertising to internet social platform such as police force websiteviii, fa cebook, youtube, tweeter, discussion forum, to personal contact like public relationship division within the police force. Public sector personal and organizational marketing – 3P’s : People After the transfer of sovereignty to People Republic of China, Hong Kong government organization and management became increasing transparent. Hong Kong resident has increasing interest of government departmental leadership, and government operation efficiency. Compare to forty years ago, when Hong Kong was still under British colonial rule, the Governor, Executive Council, Legislative Council, as well as most public politician were all appointed by the Government. Democratic election slowly started in the 1980’s for local district representatives and a portion of Legislative Council. Personal marketing in the public services became more and more importantix. Two examples are the recent Legislative Council (LECO) Election, and Hong Kong Special Administration Region Chief Executive Election. LECO election is an open democratic election for all qualified citizen. Competitions are big between candidates, and are compared based on their experiences, past contribution to the society, and related political party’s reputation. Education system reform progress – 3P’s : Process While every spot light falls onto the people, in the public sector, the ultimate goal for a government is to implement set policies and procedures. Taking for example, the Education Department just recently introduced a new secondary and territorial school system in Hong Kong. The new system revised the seven years secondary schooling to six years, bu t extending the normal three years under graduate programmes to four years. New Product (Education System) Development Strategy was use. The education ureau made use of product development concept of idea generation, preliminary analysis, detail investigation and research, planning and development, communication, testing, implementation, and auditing cycle. x xi The result was a smoother implementation, better acceptance by education institutions, students, parents, and prevented political instability in case of adverse situation. Conclusion Social, economic, political, and education development evolves over time. Citizens are demanding more frequent, closer, deeper, and highly transparent participation in public administration. Therefore, non-business organization like public administration and political management spend more resources (time, man power, and money) at the early stage of new social policy development. Citizens are defined as customers or end user in the public administration model. Because of the rising demand by the customers for better involvement during the course of public administration, and, at the same time, administrators wants to have higher chance of success and sustainability of new policy, customers involvement of the early part of Stage-gate Processing becoming evident, which is in contrast with public policy development four decades ago. American Marketing Association (AMA) who defines â€Å"Marketing† for its members, have also renew the definition to suit with the ever changing environment. In the letter from Mike Lotti and Don Lehmann, Chairperson of the Board and Committee Chair of AMA, subjected New Definition of Marketing dated December 2007, Lotti and Lehmann said â€Å"(the new definition of) Marketing is regarded as an ‘activity’ instead of a ‘function’ and positions marketing as a broader activity in a company/organization, and not just a department. The new definition also positions marketing as providing long term value rather than narrowly as an exchange of money (short-term) for the benefit of the shareholder/organization. †xii European marketing community also published similar notion a few years earlier than its US counterpart, defining that â€Å"long-term customer relationships are considered as the cornerstone of marketing†xiii. This is in line with modern public administrators’ objective, that is to satisfy the needs of different segments and targets of citizens. It is worth to note that this paper is not to argue marketing management strategies, tactics, and concepts in public sector did not exist in Hong Kong at the early years. As a matter of the facts, in the 60s and 70s, Government have organized activities to understand customer (local residents) 6 needs related to long term social development plan and pre-execution hearing sessions with local leaders and legislators, but only at a lot less formal and structured as the society currently established. In response to Levy and Kotler’s article, DavidJ. Luck had argued that marketing strategies and activities had been in used in various government activities before Kotler and Levy’s article was publishedxiv. When social, economic, and political reforms continue, society should expect to see marketing activities in non-business organization, particularly for public administration sector, to continue evolves alongside with modern marketing management methologies. i Ivan Kushnir’s Research Center, kushnirs. org rd ii UK Public Spending since 1963, Simon Rogers, 3 June 2012, guardian. o. uk iii Milestones: Hong Kong Housing Society Housing Price, Land Supply and Revenue from Land Sales, Raymond Y. C. Tse, 2012 v Enhanced use of underground space in Hong Kong, Geotechnical Engineering Department, http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=jZ_IX0KocNklist=UUi4fX-nEJseYhlAuY4DJ0wQindex=7feature=pl cp vi Law Enforcement Marketing: Perceptions of a police force, Peter Bohan, 1987. vii Hong Kong Police: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v= ckDWtaWNHo0 viii Hong Kong Police: http://www. police. gov. hk/ppp_en/index. tml ix After ten years of transfer of sovereignty: political stability and reform in Hong Kong, Jermain T. M. Lam, 2008 x Stage-gate systems: a new tool for managing new products, Robert G. Cooper, 1990 xi Marketing in the public sector: Inappropriate or merely difficult? : Peter Graham, 2010 xii th AMA Definition of Marketing: Mike Lotti and Don Lehmann, December 17 , 2007 xiii Defining Marketing: A market-Oriented Approach: Christian Gronroos, 1989 xiv Broadening the Concept of Marketing. Too Far: David J. Luck, 1969 iv 7 How to cite Role of Marketing in the Non-Business Environment, Papers

IT Project Management Rostering System

Question: Describe about the IT Project Management for Rostering System. Answer: Introduction Overview of the RALS Project Overview of the project is describing the core aim of the RALS project. Gloex is one company that owns the Riverina Agricultural and Lifestyle Show. This organization is entirely dependent on their volunteers in case of the organization and other maintenance of the show. Globex wants to design a rostering system in order maintain the shows without the help of volunteers. Description of the RALS Project The dependency on the volunteers can be reduced if the organization establishes a rostering system with the project management approaches. The record keeping system of the RALS project can be implemented with the help of the computerized system architecture. The problematic situations created by the volunteers of the RALS needs to be resolved with the help of the computerized system architecture. This can improve the competitive advantages of the RALS. Part 1 Project Name, Team and Description Team Name of RALS Delight Group Project Manager Philips Fiscal Supplementary Team members France duke, Din Ambrose, John Lewis Submission Date 5th December, 2016 Project Name Riverina Agriculture and Lifestyle Show Team Charter Team charter for RALS Project Designed by: Date: Skills and Knowledge Inventory Skills and Roles of Stakeholders Stakeholders of Project Roles Skills and Knowledge Philips Fiscal Project Manager Leadership skills, managerial skills and motivational skills France duke Designer Knowledge of software, programming, coding capabilities Din Ambrose Software Developer Software knowledge, database management, critical analysis John Lewis Accountant Cost analysis, market share, pricing Roles and Responsibilities of Stakeholders Stakeholders and their Responsibilities in project List of Stakeholders Key Responsibilities of Stakeholders Project Manager The project manager is responsible for managing all the operations in organizing the show according to the demands of the customers and viewer of RALS. Successful management of the operations leads to the successful completion of the project. Project manager have the right to control as well as to maintain the issues within the project group. They are involved in managing the internal and external conflicts within the project group. Designer The RALS project team is going to develop one rostering system for maintaining all the operations smoothly. This aspect highlights the need of user interface and other software platforms that will be needed in making the system architecture efficient. Example of user interface can be GUI, command languages et. Project designer recognizes the flaws and strengths of then system architecture. Software Developer Tester has the most effective role in designing the rostering system for reducing the involvement of volunteers within their record keeping system. The codes designed by the coders should consider the demands and other important aspects that may attract the customers. This will meet all the demands of viewer and make the operations easy for the organizational members. Software developer develop the code for the RALS record keeping system in order to reduce the dependency on the volunteers of the Globex. Accountant Accountant has also important responsibility in the project management aspect. The implementation and development cost is calculated by them in order to make the entire organization in feasible way within a concerned range of price. The automatic system architecture needs the automatic financial updates also. Therefore, providing this kind of aspects are the responsibilities of the accountants. Accountant can only provide a sustainable and feasible way to introduce the supply of raw materials and other necessary things within the project environment. Team Communication Location and Time arrangement of the project meeting: Date: 2nd Novemver Time: 1300 hours Location: Community Hall Objectives of the Meeting: Proposing the New Computerized Record Keeping System Communication Details Communication Charter Detailed information about the communication Responsible Heads Timing Slots Meeting agenda of the concerned project meeting Project Manager 5 mins Project planning details Head of the project and project members 12 mins Project roles and responsibility description about the project members All team members 8 mins Estimation of time slot and task assignment for individual project members Project manger 8 mins Decision of goals and objectives Project manager 7 mins Doubt clarification among all the team members Project manager 4 mins Short description about the dos and donts within the scheduled project All team members 10 mins Information Sharing through communication channel Information Sharing through communication channel: There are various channels that helps in doing the communication measures within the project environment. The communication used in the RALS project can be described as follows: Channels for Communication Roles of Communication Channels Formal communication channels The formal communication channels are those, which can transmit the information to the internal structure of the organization. In this type of the communication, channel the information flows from the manger to the subordinates of the project management. This information are then transferred to the next stages of the stakeholder list. Transfer of the newsletter within the project management structure is known as the formal communication channels. Informal communication channels Informal channel of within the projects development structure is known as the channels that transfers the information through the web communication. The web communication involves intranet communication, chain commands etc. Unofficial communication channel Unofficial communication channels are recognized as the channels that are formed by the project manager in order to maintain the internal and external communication with the employees by establishing good relationship with the employees. Team Rules and Expectations Positive and negative effects Positive Effects Negative Effects 1. Proper division of work helps the employees and improving the project measures. This provides a good impact on the every individual within the project management group. 2. thinking in deep way about the project topic will be helpful in finding the critical analysis about the project topic. 3. Divided work load helps to motivate the employees in solving the risks and problems associated with the project. Each member can think the task in the way they like to. 4. Group work can helps in finding the social aspect within the project topic. 5. Group work makes all the employees more dedicated to their work and task assigned. 1. Late attendance of the student can result into the reduction in teamwork. This leads to the reduction in effectiveness of results. 2. Differentiation within the thoughts among the members of the project group are creates many problem within the project structure. Counter arguments against any rules creates disturbances. 3. The increased arguments create mess within the project development phases. 4. There are several people within the project that are resistant to change or not capable of understanding the project goals and objectives, it reduces the value of the project. 5. Large amount of people within the group creates many problems in managing the goals and objectives of the project. Team Values Team value Statements Importance of the team values connection establishment between the project goals and objectives Commitments for the project completion Knowledge distribution among individual members Idea sharing within the project group decision making with respect to right logic Reasoning power development aspect high prioritized team work Development of team strength successful and Work environment Development is always given the first priority Developmental aspect there is no chance of taking any wrong steps Reduction of dishonesty and ego Code of Ethics Statements: The core aim of our project is to develop an effective program in order to provide the view satisfaction. We always give priority to the user choices and their demands. We present that kind of show that provide social affection about the human life. We recently wants to develop a new system that provides support to our manual rostering system. With the help of this set up we can easily track the customer demands and get the solution as per the situations. We are just trying to improve our internal and external structure for designing our show more perfectly forms various stages and developmental perspectives. Rules and Expectations A project always needs a proper ruling and regulating structure that will be guiding the entire set up of the organization. The rules and regulating measures selected for the development of RALS project are provided as follows: Distribution of task Various tasks are allocated to various people in order to maintain the work distribution structure better. This aspect leads to the reduction in the workload. This should be followed as one rule in order to maintain the sustainable success of the project. Efficient wok environment Efficient work environment is one of the important aspects while considering the project success. This aspect can be maintained with the help of the structured ruling policies. Respectful structure Respectful structure denotes that all the members of the project group should maintain the respectful behaviour among all the senior and junior members of the project. Signature List of signatures of the important stakeholders Project stake holders Signatures Philips Fiscal Philips Fiscal France duke France duke Din Ambrose Din Ambrose John Lewis John Lewis Part 2 Learning Cycles Organized events Purpose of the event Scribe Organizer Communication intermediate Status date Commitments in primary stage For making all the team members united All team members Project manager Direct communication 20th October, 2016 Review of the external agenda For studying the government policies Project director External organizers Through mails 5th November Evaluation done on weekly basis Review of the project till progress All the stakeholders and project director All team members Through intranet 7th November Design review Detailed study of designing methods Project designer Stakeholders and project manager Through presentations 10th November Coding requirement To know the important aspect behind coding Quality management team Software developer Through presentations 20th November Integration of the codes To make the development of the program successful Quality management team Software developer and tester Presentations 21st November Part 3 Communication Plan Stakeholders and Importance of Stakeholders Information about the Stakeholders Stakeholder list Importance of Stakeholders Contract managing team This team of the project management helps to provide the assurance about the dealings with the internal and external stakeholders. The negotiation management is entirely managed by this team. Customers Customers and clients are the main source of introducing innovations within the programs and within the project. They are on the first priority in case of the project management. Efficient regulators A regulator plays a great role in finding the advantages and strength of the improvement related to the project. Here the example of the external regulators is government bodies. Regulatory bodies provides a structure that guides the project group to be effective with the regulatory measures. Project Director It is the most effective stakeholder of the project. It is the duty and responsibility of the project manager to manage all the detailed information and other details about the project. Group of the project Project group decides in which part they have to focus on. Project group decides the effectiveness of the project. The success of the project is entirely dependent on the project group. Quality and testing management team This department of the project team helps to measure the effectiveness of the project outcomes. This stage ensures the project success. Testing provide the outline of the process implementation after finishing the project. Accounts management team Accountant controls the expenses related to the project management. More the efficiency of the accountant is increased more the chances of increased performance of the project group. Suppliers Suppliers play a great role in the project management. The suppliers within the context of the project supply all the raw materials and other important aspect and details. Communication Plan for Stakeholders of RALS Target stakeholder Delivery process Frequency of delivery Medium Message Responsible head Sponsor, project manager, committee Report to target customer Everyday Coders project lead Formal reports Overall description about the project with their possible future possibilities Local viewers, project director Presentations Monthly basis Accountants and sponsor providers Demonstrations, documents Strategy formation and technology development Committee task Presentation Monthly basis Management and project head Through emails Objectives of the project Administration department Video presentations Monthly basis External organizers Mails, training papers Goals and objectives of the project Part 4 Annotated Bibliography Article 1: Project Management Knowledge Flows in Networks of Project Managers and Project Management Offices: A Case Study in the Pharmaceutical Industry According to Mller et al., (2013), knowledge is flowing through project member and among all the project managers. In addition to this, the information is also flowing through all the PMO members within a pharmaceutical RD company situated in China. In contrast with the situation of this project management paper, it is found that the all the knowledge resources are not limited to the identified PMO members. They are not only the knowledge provider in this cluster. This paper is also elaborating about the project governance structure. This paper is providing an overview about the knowledge management within the project management structure. Project management demands for the sustainable success of the project that will meet all the requirements of the project manager as well as the project. Article 2: The effects of Project Management Information Systems on decision making in a multi project environment According to Caniels Bakens (2012), the Project Management Information System (PIMS) should provide the project manager the support of the decision-making, organization, planning and control of the project. In most of the cases, the project managers are not satisfied with the produced information within the project group. A survey is done on 101 project managers about the six factors in relation with the PIMS. Structural modelling operation the project manager can study the project environment. This indicates the use of the project management with respect to the project manager. Project management information system is nothing but the managing the information system project in an innovative and interesting way. Project managers should contribute in this matter in order to provide the successful completion of the project. Article 3: A conceptual framework for tackling knowable unknown unknowns in project management According to Ramasesh Browning (2014), unknown measures are the main critical aspects within a project management aspect. This paper is elaborating the facts about the known and unknowns related to project management. This paper is also elaborating about the known and unknowns with the help of the conceptual frameworks within any project management structure. This model helps to relate the case factors, experiences and other important aspect concerned with the project management. This paper fills the space between literature and reality of project management approach. This paper is highlighting about the these unknown factors that may harm the sustainable success of the project. This can be controlled with the help of the conceptual frameworks, that will be guiding the project members as well as the project manager in order to achieve the success. Closure Checklist The closure checklist is given as follows- Steps Implemented actions Checks 1 Combining of team members and task distribution Yes 2 Work evaluation Yes 3 Plan and strategy development Yes 4 Cost and benefit analysis Yes 5 Completion of the software programming Yes 6 Integration of the programming Yes 7 Update to the client requirements Yes 8 Feedback Yes Project Environment Project Evaluation Relevancy Effectiveness Efficiency Sustainability RALS rostering project meet all the requirements of the project as well as clients. Relevance become so important in order to achieve the successful completion of the project. The project is effective enough in meeting all the requirements of the viewers. The effectiveness results into the successful completion of the project. The entire is efficient enough in providing successful results. Efficiency attracts the increased number of customer within the scenario of RALS. The plan is sustainable for that sustainability is maintained, if the discussed aspect about successful completion of the project can be studied well and realized then the sustainability can be maintained. Part 5 Reflection Project management is one of the most important aspects that must have to be learned by the students by me. The leadership qualities highlighted within the context of the RALS record keeping system guided me a lot in finding solutions in case of my project that I had to not only monitor but also operate as a leader within the college premises. A project is developed with the help of so many objectives and goals within its context. I have understood that this project is focusing on the goals and objectives of the ICT project management structure. In concerned with the context of the project, it guided me in recognizing the facts behind the ICT project management. I analysed many issues within my project with the help of the study of this RALS project. RALS project entirely guided me in understanding the problems and technicalities about the ICT project management. ICT is mainly related to the technical errors and other technical errors that should have to be meet in order to have the recognized and must be solved to get the good and proper results. Decision-making is another factor that I have learned from this project management study. The project has to take the decision with respect to the concerned goals and objectives of the project. I have found that this involves the perspective of the project members. I think that the opinions of the project members are very important in order to provide a proper guideline to them as well as other project stakeholder about the project goals and objectives. I have realized that the responsibility of the project leader is very much important for the success of the project. This leads to the development and successful completion of the project in contrast with the project objectives. The roles and responsibilities of the project manager and project members I have understood with the help of this project management aspect. The study of the RALS project guided me in finding the way of completing my project successfully. I could find issues within my project with the help of this study. The feasibility study of the project management also guided me to learn how effective it can be in order to meet all the user an project requirements with respect to the project members view point. References Canils, M. C., Bakens, R. J. (2012). The effects of Project Management Information Systems on decision making in a multi project environment.International Journal of Project Management,30(2), 162-175. Mller, R., Glckler, J., Aubry, M., Shao, J. (2013). Project management knowledge flows in networks of project managers and project management offices: A case study in the pharmaceutical industry.Project Management Journal,44(2), 4-19. Ramasesh, R. V., Browning, T. R. (2014). A conceptual framework for tackling knowable unknown unknowns in project management.Journal of Operations Management,32(4), 190-204. Zeng, S. X., Tam, C. M., Tam, V. W. (2015). Integrating safety, environmental and quality risks for project management using a FMEA method.Engineering Economics,66(1).

Cults Essays - Cults, Pejoratives, Religious Persecution

Cults There are many types of cults in the world, cults are everywhere but you just do not see them. Every person in the world has been in contact with them in one way or another in many cases you cannot see them. The closest cult we know of is on Rice Lake called the Moonies led by Reverend Myung, where I have currently visited. Cults can be involved in churches and even are earliest religions are called cults. Cults are not the strongest groups' sects are the strongest group. When you join a sect you cannot get out of them but a cult you can leave without having any problem or commitment. Sects will not let you out because many times it's illegal and they are afraid that you will say something to the public. Cults sometimes are illegal to. Religious cults are in every town and village there is no definition of a cult that is accepted by sociologists and psychologist or religion many types of activities will take cult like structures, an example would be any popular trend like physical exercise this is called the physical fitness cult. Famous athletes are a big figure when it comes to cults, many times Movie stars, professional athletes will endorse a product and a trend will start, making it turn into a cult. Also people who generate beliefs of something like flying saucer, aliens or any unknown figures can be cult. In religion when people call a church they are referring to a sacred organization having a highly structured or formalized dogma and hierarchy, but also allowing a bit of flexibility about membership requirements allowing you to go to a church and leave church when you want to. Although sects are against church attempts to accommodate to secular society. Sects believe that they are protecting a true faith o r belief. Sects tend to stay away from world events , and also they believe in a strong strict behavioral code and demand a commitment out of their people. The differences between cults and sects are sometimes the same. Many scholars do not make distinctions between the two. Cults are different because they do not expect as much commitment. Many times' cults do not expect couples to become apart. Cults do not last as long as sects. Many times' cults survive through a decade, and also cults allow you to come and go as you want. Leaders of cults build around a charismatic leader who has a lifestyle dedicated to a specific spirituality group that they know other people will follow. The word Mormonism began as a small cult then grew bigger until it became a sect and eventually into a church. All the new religions followed the same thing by beginning small and getting bigger than becoming a church. Contemporary Cults Cults go back as far as we know of life, cults began to get bigger and be known throughout the world in the late 1960's and early 70's as people were better educated and better understood how they were formed and how they were run and people began to join. During this time Youths and middle class people began to join cults because of the in thing to do and they felt more secure about themselves. Cults really started to fascinate people when Jimmy Jones cult began in November of 1978 when all attention was focused on the mass suicide in Jonestown, a similar event happened in 1993 when federal agents engaged in a shoot out with cult leader David Koresh. Modern cults have many different practices and many different ways of leadership. Some cults have a flexible functional leadership, like the groups in the charismatic movement coming from the mainland Christian religion, other cults have people who run and orchestrate cult events, like Reverend Myung Moon leader of the unification church. The reason people are attracted to modern cults because it puts emphasis on community and on direct experience with the divine. In cults' participants often find a level of social support and acceptance that they do not find in a nuclear family. This makes and generates a sense of belonging to something profound and a feel of being somebody. People who Cults Essays - Cults, Pejoratives, Religious Persecution Cults There are many types of cults in the world, cults are everywhere but you just do not see them. Every person in the world has been in contact with them in one way or another in many cases you cannot see them. The closest cult we know of is on Rice Lake called the Moonies led by Reverend Myung, where I have currently visited. Cults can be involved in churches and even are earliest religions are called cults. Cults are not the strongest groups' sects are the strongest group. When you join a sect you cannot get out of them but a cult you can leave without having any problem or commitment. Sects will not let you out because many times it's illegal and they are afraid that you will say something to the public. Cults sometimes are illegal to. Religious cults are in every town and village there is no definition of a cult that is accepted by sociologists and psychologist or religion many types of activities will take cult like structures, an example would be any popular trend like physical exercise this is called the physical fitness cult. Famous athletes are a big figure when it comes to cults, many times Movie stars, professional athletes will endorse a product and a trend will start, making it turn into a cult. Also people who generate beliefs of something like flying saucer, aliens or any unknown figures can be cult. In religion when people call a church they are referring to a sacred organization having a highly structured or formalized dogma and hierarchy, but also allowing a bit of flexibility about membership requirements allowing you to go to a church and leave church when you want to. Although sects are against church attempts to accommodate to secular society. Sects believe that they are protecting a true faith o r belief. Sects tend to stay away from world events , and also they believe in a strong strict behavioral code and demand a commitment out of their people. The differences between cults and sects are sometimes the same. Many scholars do not make distinctions between the two. Cults are different because they do not expect as much commitment. Many times' cults do not expect couples to become apart. Cults do not last as long as sects. Many times' cults survive through a decade, and also cults allow you to come and go as you want. Leaders of cults build around a charismatic leader who has a lifestyle dedicated to a specific spirituality group that they know other people will follow. The word Mormonism began as a small cult then grew bigger until it became a sect and eventually into a church. All the new religions followed the same thing by beginning small and getting bigger than becoming a church. Contemporary Cults Cults go back as far as we know of life, cults began to get bigger and be known throughout the world in the late 1960's and early 70's as people were better educated and better understood how they were formed and how they were run and people began to join. During this time Youths and middle class people began to join cults because of the in thing to do and they felt more secure about themselves. Cults really started to fascinate people when Jimmy Jones cult began in November of 1978 when all attention was focused on the mass suicide in Jonestown, a similar event happened in 1993 when federal agents engaged in a shoot out with cult leader David Koresh. Modern cults have many different practices and many different ways of leadership. Some cults have a flexible functional leadership, like the groups in the charismatic movement coming from the mainland Christian religion, other cults have people who run and orchestrate cult events, like Reverend Myung Moon leader of the unification church. The reason people are attracted to modern cults because it puts emphasis on community and on direct experience with the divine. In cults' participants often find a level of social support and acceptance that they do not find in a nuclear family. This makes and generates a sense of belonging to something profound and a feel of being somebody. People who

Australia And Apec Essays - International Trade, Free Essays

Australia And Apec Essays - International Trade, Free Essays Australia And Apec Economics assignment: APEC When the Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) was established in 1989 in response to the growing interdependence among Asia-Pacific economies, its goal was to advance Asia-Pacific economic dynamism and sense of community. When the cooperation was established, there were 12 founding member economies, namely Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Republic of the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and the United States. Since then there has been more countries/economies joining APEC. APEC has come a long way since 1989. It has built steadily on the efforts of the past and looks forward to further positive progress. The initial years of APEC were focused largely on exchange of views and project based initiatives. As needs of the member economies has evolved into a forum of higher purpose: to build the Asia-Pacific community through achieving economic growth and development through trade and economic cooperation. In the Osaka meeting in 1994, APEC leaders adopted the Osaka Action Agenda, which firmly established three pillars of APEC activities: Trade and investment liberalization, business facilitation and economic-technical cooperation. Its main objective is to develop a region-wide, free trade and investment regime by the year 2000. APEC operates by consensus. In 1991, members committed themselves to conducting their activities and work programs on the basis of open dialogue with equal respect for the views of all participants. The APEC chair, which rotates annually among members, is responsible for hosting the annual ministerial meeting of foreign and economic ministers. At the 1989 Canberra Ministerial Meeting, it was agreed that it would be appropriate that every alternative ministerial meeting be held in an ASEAN economy/country. Senior Official Meeting (SOM) are held regularly prior to every ministerial meeting. APEC senior officials make recommendations to the ministers and carry out their decisions. They oversee and coordinate, with approval from Ministers, the budgets and work programs of the APEC for a. Mr. Fischer, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Trade, said Australias IAP (Individual Action Plan) would address the main trade liberalization issues of tariffs, non- tariffs, investment and services, although the 1996 IAP would not pre-judge the outcomes of the existing and previously announced reviews into the passenger motor vehicle, textile clothing and footwear and sugar sectors. Other elements of the IAP deal wit the important trade facilitation issues such as standards and customs procedures, intellectual property rights, competition policy, and mobility of business people and deregulation. Australias plan is fully consistent with the general principals of the Osaka Action Agenda agreed by that leaders in November 1995, including comprehensives, Mr. Fischer said. Australias done a great deal to liberalize our market consistent with APEC goals, and we expect others to match our record. The government will pursue vigorously Australian trade and investment priorities within APEC, Mr. Fischer stated. Australias IAP address the objectives and guidelines of the Osaka Action Plan in a comprehensive manner: Tariffs Australias IAP includes reduction in applied tariffs to the year 2000. Table: Tariff Reductions in the APEC region Simple Average Applied Tariff 1988 1993 1997 Australia * 15.6 7.0 5.3 Brunei 3.9 3.9 2.0 Canada (*) 3.7 2.4 1.3^ Chile 19.9 11 11 China 39.5 37.5 17 Hong Kong 0 0 0 Indonesia 18.1 17 11.7 Japan * 4.3 3.4 4.6 Korea 19.2 11.6 7.9^ Malaysia 13.6 12.8 7.8^ Mexico * 10.5 12.6 9.8^ New Zealand 14.9 8.5 5.2 PNG NA NA 23^ Philippines 27.9 23.5 12.1 Singapore 0.3 0.4 0 Chinese Taipei 12.6 8.9 8.6 Thailand 31.2 37.8 17 United States (*) 4.2 4.2 3.4^ Note: Does not include calculation of non-ad valorum tariffs Indicates trade-weighted advantage ^1996 data Source: aph.gov.au/library/pubs/cib/1998-99/c99cib05.htm Australias applied simple tariff has fallen from 15.6% in 1998 to 6.1% in 1996 and will reduce further to 4.5% by the year 2000. Australia is also hoping to have tariffs reduced to zero in numerous sectors of our economy by the year 2000. Sectors Selected for Early Voluntary Sectoral Liberalism Sector EVSL Proposal Toys Progressive reduction to zero of tariffs on toys, preferably by 2000. Elimination of unjustified non-tariff barriers. Economic and technical cooperation Gems and jewelry Elimination of trade-restrictive measures on these products (phased out by 2005), which include pearls, diamonds, silver, gold, platinum, jewelry, goldsmiths and silversmiths wares. Environmental Goods and Services Elimination of tariffs by 2003 on environmental goods and liberalization of environmental services. Work on non-tariffs barriers. Economic and technical cooperation. Food Further impetus to trade

E-commerce Issues for Small Business Dissertation

E-commerce Issues for Small Business - Dissertation Example As the paper declares Business to Business, Electronic Commerce has brought about a sea change in the way transactions are carried out between different entities in business. B2B provides a way for manufacturers to develop products for clients, circumventing the traditional channels involved in doing business. The manufacturer, vendors and customers can directly communicate with each other rather than letting intermediaries mediate. In facilitating easy access, E Commerce provides a cost saving method for different parties to a business to develop maximum productivity. The geographical barriers to conducting trade or manufacturing no longer exist. A manufacturer can sell or market through the Internet on a ‘virtual’ platform but will make huge profits in the real world as he can now get through to a buyer or supplier any where in the world. According to the research findings specifically E Commerce integrates telecommunications, computers and stream lined work processes. Business to Customer e commerce enables customers to directly get in touch with manufacturers. B2B helps organizations communicate. In both forms of this system, parties to a transaction avoid the unnecessary overhead costs and the impact of the technology does more to expand the business than before. The digitized transaction will require taxation and customs regulations to be reviewed to adapt to this change. In many parts of the world, resources are inadequate or stretched to produce mediocre good, which do not find worldwide markets. Even those firms, which aspire to international reach for their products, are hampered by poor infrastructure and unnecessary problems on the way. Additionally there are government regulations, which have not reacted to changing technological environments as rapidly as they should. Partly this may be due to political co mpulsions especially in developing countries, which impede quick decisions and action. There are developing countries, which could be serious players in the B2B scenario but are not cost competitive enough. Supply Chain Management (SCM) has been an issue in developing countries where it is a relatively new tool for production enhancement. The SCM model is delivered through channels using information technology and information exchange. For example, instead of having to actually send along inventory, a manufacturer can rely on the vendor managed inventory software for B2B, which relies on a certain level of information substituting actual inventory. Manufacturers principally use B2B processes, to pass down to suppliers their requirements of their manufacturing program. A traditional supply management program would have involved intricate formalities to be fulfilled. Electronic trading improves productivity, greatly

Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Their Eyes Were Watching God - Essay Example The movie was adapted and reproduced by Oprah Winfrey's Harpo Studio, and directed by Darnell Martin. Winfrey was the main host for the show. Its teleplay was done by Janie Crawford (Halle Berry), Teacake (Michael Ealy), Jody Starks (Logan Killicks), along with Mayor Joe Starks (Ruben Santiago-Hudson). Oprah Winfrey is immensely admirable, owing to her encouraging rise to fame due to her determined pursuit of quality and because of her wish to leave something optimistic for the world. However, her description of this most thoughtful and uplifting novel fell short of grasping Ms. Hurston’s brilliance (Hagopian 1). The film focused almost totally on the love story between transformed playboy, Tea Cake, and Janie Crawford. She missed the fact that there were other layers to the book such as the studies in developmental cultural anthropology and psychology. Crawford’s life with Tea Cake lasts for only about a year and a half (Hagopian 1). However, the film made it appear as though the companionship lasted much longer. Even though, it was the most noteworthy relationship of Crawford’s life, through it, Janie acquires the identity and voice that she has been denied for past 37 years. Also, through that voice, Janie saves herself from prison. The love story in the movie outshines the character development in the film. In reality, that is what the film is loomed on, a study in personal development and character (Hagopian 1).

Influence of Government Type on Policy Making

Influence of Government Type on Policy Making When a country has a democratic government, the process of implementing a law is extremely tedious compared to a monarchy.  In a monarchy,  the rulers word is law, and that law is enacted precisely when the ruler says it is, saving a great deal of time and work. However, the trade-off  is necessary,  especially in complex policy issues,  such as  foreign policy,  that relate  to war. When  entering conflict with  a  foreign nation,  it’s crucial for the survival of a nation. War is an extremely costly operation, one  that can cause substantial  financial damage to  a  nation. A democratic political system,  such as  in  the USA,  specifically prevents a nation  from  entering wars  for any defensive  or offensive  purpose  that is not publicly approved, because a mistake in such decision will impact the survival of a  nation. Even though there is a loss of efficiency, it ensures the survival of a nation. However, the main reason why extensive checks on policy is necessary,  is because we humans suffer from our own psychological bias.  In the book The Nudge, the author describes  Ã¢â‚¬Å"we human  can be manipulated by savvy architects of choice â€Å".  Referencing  that we human,  and  politicians  of course,  will sometimes makes incorrect decision or irrational decision based  on  psychological manipulation. A check and balance system  extensively  prevents that from happening in our government.  By making single sided and quick decisions virtually impossible from our policy making process. Despite the obvious loss  of  efficiency, this trade-off of speed for balance is essential. The framers of the American constitution knew well the results of absolute rule  and structured the nation they founded very specifically to avoid such tyranny. A somewhat clunky government is the unavoidable price of a multi-faceted government. In turn, public participation is encouraged under such a system, as people are made to feel that their efforts can make a difference, as opposed to the sense that a distant and unconcerned  monarch  will simply do as he  or she  likes regardless of public opinion and action. Using the United States as an example, the  president, head of the executive branch of government and holder of the ostensive title of â€Å"head of state,†Ã‚  has virtually no power to draft new legislation. In fact, his (or her) authority in this matter is entirely limited to effectively asking nicely for  Congress (which constitutes the legislative branch) to introduce the desired law. Political allies in the House of Representatives will certainly comply, but their opponents are sure to question and criticize the new law to within an inch of its life, insisting on amendments and modifications if they allow it to move forward at all. Assuming some agreement – often  taking a long time to  reach  and achieved only after the requisite rounds of political scheming and posturing – can be reached, essentially the entire process must be repeated in the Senate, where the unique balance of  senators may bring the bills future into question yet again. We can see that by allowing discussion and exchange between  the  Senate and  House,  the public participation in the political matter increases  as well. As each citizen  recognizes  that we elected our own policy makers,  every citizen makes a difference,  as opposed  to a monarch,  who often distances  him  or herself from the public when making public policy,  thus discouraging  public participation. One way to allow the public participation is  allowing public to form  special interest group to maintain their position in the government by lobbying  to  influence other people to support the organization’s position.  These interest groups  often testify in legislative hearings,  donate to  political candidates  (Www.opensecret.org),  and donate money to candidate or organization to lobby  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  politicians.   When special interest effects certain elite groups, the candidate of the elite group can spread their ideas to the  public  at large,  which results in  a  change  in  public opinion, thus ensuring their ideas and objective are in place in the society. Special interest group  are  formed  by groups of individuals,  and  the group’s ability to drawn in large  numbers  of citizens directly impacts the quality of policy,  because when implementing a policy, to satisfy its members,  the policy drafting procedure must ensure a common understanding of the law, must be readable (not overly complex),  and it must  achieve  the group’s social, political,  and legal objectives,  which are the criteria of a good-quality policy.  Reading) ( Think tanks are a wide range of institution that provides public policy research, advice,and analysis, while operating independently. They are non-profit  and  operate  independently  from political partiesand government. Their main goal is to help government officials  understand and make rational decisions  on different issues.  They support policy developments by  conducting research on  complex issues  with their expertise and present their extensive findings to  government officials,  such as congress and other officials. Think tanks  act  as  an intermediary  between knowledge and politicians. However, think tanks approach different issues differently. A scientific approach requires extensive testing  of  theories about the policy effects. A professional approach requires analysis of the  opportunity cost of different alternatives. And lastly a political approach requires support of  the  left or right-wing party. Although the description above summarizes different approaches  for different think tanks, the underlying  simultaneous approach requires think tanks to understand complex issues and to provide research and advice to  funders  or  political leaders  and together draft a quality policy that can reach different objective. To explain the difference between political vs economic model we can look at democracy vs communism.  To begin with, democracy is entirely a political model. In  the American sense, democracy is no economic model. It is a system in which the people at large vote upon voluntary candidates who have asked to serve as representatives in a variety of capacities, and once winning election, to decide policy as they see fit. As this structure the  administration of the country, with no necessary commentary upon economics, it is a political model. By contrast, communism is an economic model, though its nature does tend to favour a political structure. Communism is an extreme flavour of socialism that emphasizes the dignity of the common worker, who is credited with building and maintaining all human societies. As such, communism purports to establish an economy free of financial inequality, in which the workers – constituting most of the population – are all equal social partners. It is in this manner that communism can be mistaken for a political model, as such tight controls on societal resources all but require a strong centralized government to oversee distribution. But this is a consequence of communisms economic ideal, rather than a prescription. Communism is an economic model. Again, an economic model as rigid as communism tends to demand a powerful government, but ultimately it is a nations political model – not its economic model – that determines the selection of policies. This is only sensible, as policy should be set by a nations leaders – even if, as in the U.S.A  example above, those leaders are none but the people themselves – and not by directly by economic factors. I believe economic model should dictate policy making, because  economic model is  a much effective and less costly  way to  drive changes in the country.  When  we look at the  example of increase  alcohol tax  led to decrease in alcohol purchase.  We can see that economic policy  clearly influences human behaviour. Not only it decreases drunk driving accidents, it increases  productivity  and health gains. In the past we have seen example of political models in place to ban alcohol  (18th  amendment), not only it did not decrease  incentive to purchase  alcohol, it increase power, corruption within a nation  which  cause  more  social damage to a  nation.  Economic model has proven itself as the best model to drive changes in a country  and human behaviour. References Keilman, John. Higher Booze Tax a Lifesaver?  Chicago Tribune. Web. 1 Oct. 2014. Top Donor Profiles.  Center for Responsive Politics. 1 Jan. 2013. Web. 1 Oct. 2014. www.opensecrets.org>.Thaler, Richard H., and Cass R. Sunstein.  Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness. New Haven, Conn.: Yale UP, 2008. Print.

The dotcom bubble and the stock market fall in 2000-2001

Summary of the main points covered in my essay. How did the dotcom bubble burst contribute to the economic crisis of the 2008? Could we expect the similar crisis and how can it be prevented? What are the lessons that should have been learned from the dotcom crisis? When the global financial crisis occurred in 2008, both experts and general public started heated discussion as everyone was eager to identify the reasons for such a calamity. It is clear that nothing happens with no reason at all. Let's consider the famous speech1 of Ben Bernanke, who is the Chairman of the Federal Reserve System. In that testimony he tried to explain the causes of the recent financial and economic crisis to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, highlighting the vulnerabilities in different sectors of economics. The idea of inadequate risk-measurement that he focused on is very important for us, as this particular issue makes the recent crisis akin to the dotcom bubble we are about to examine in detail. (The same idea is one of the major issues of the next Ben Bernanke's speeches, where he underlines the importance of reasonable risk management and possible destructive effects of being too optimistic about the future of the economic system). To sum up, experts claim that flaws in evaluating the perspectives of new technologies in the 90ies caused the dotcom bubble burst in 2000, while the inadequate risk-measurement of the financial instruments connected to mortgages led to the global financial and economic crisis in 2008. Could we have predicted the economic disaster coming in 2008 and which lessons could have been gathered from the dotcom crisis? These are the questions that make the topic urgent and exciting to examine. To begin with, let's define the key term. What is a dotcom? Dotcom is a firm conducting its business mainly over the Internet. They usually possess a Web site intended for business use. The term is based on the â€Å"com† that forms the last part of the address for most commercial Web-sites. Now, what were the reasons for the dotcom bubble burst and what actually happened? (We should mention that this phenomenon is also referred as the Internet bubble and the Information Technology Bubble in many articles). It all started during the mid 1990is. The Internet was extremely popular those days and the Stock Market soared on technology and Internet stocks. Stock prices were rising and it seemed there was to limit for their value to expand. The masses believed there was a new world coming and the Internet was for sure to become the future of business. The steady confidence took place that the e-companies would turn future profits and there is no limit for technologies development. These expectations were reflected in the NASDAQ composite index. The NASDAQ composite is a stock market index of the common stocks and similar securities, which are listed on the NASDAQ stock market. The index reflects the performance of stocks of technology companies and growth companies. From January 1994 to February 2000, the it rose from 776. 80 to 4,696. 69, a 605% increase, and was influenced mainly by prices of high-technology stocks. But these expectations turned out to be far too positive. The market became overvalued. The Stock Market crashed. The culmination happened on March 10, 2000, with the NASDAQ peaking at 5132. 52 in intraday trading before closing at 5048. 62. (see the graph 1) Graph 1. NASDAQ composite dynamics2 The period when the bubble expanded rapidly was marked by the founding of many new small Internet-based companies commonly referred to as dotcoms. Many of them failed in 2000. A very specific phenomenon could be noticed at that time – the way for a new unknown company to become prosperous was just to add an â€Å"e-† prefix to their name or a â€Å". com† to the end. One of the authors called it â€Å"prefix investing†3, as the result of this simple renaming was the incredible growth of stock prices. I suppose that was one of the first indicators that something was wrong and the calamity was coming. But everyone considered it the steady development of the market that has big future. Alan Greenspan (an American economist, the Chairman of the Fed in 1987-2006) in 2005 said, that â€Å"this vast increase in the market value of asset claims is in part the indirect result of investors accepting lower compensation for risk. Such an increase in market value is too often viewed by market participants as structural and permanent†4. However, the situation isn't unique and appeared to happen again. When in 2003 nanotechnology became the â€Å"hot† thing, everyone started to add a â€Å"nano† prefix in their name. It seems that the lessons that should have been learned from the dotcom bubble burst were forgotten. Let's turn to the term itself in its theoretical sense. What is the bubble in financial markets? In a word, we say that a stock market bubble occurs when there is a rise or boom in the share prices of stocks of a particular industry. Meanwhile, the rise in prices usually bears little relation to the intrinsic value of the asset. The term â€Å"bubble† may be used with certainty only in retrospect when share prices have since crashed, as it happened in our case. An important basic characteristic of a bubble is the suspension of disbelief by most market participants during the â€Å"bubble phase. They fail to recognize that all of them are engaged in a speculative activity. That characteristic describes the dotcom crisis as well, as we already found out. It would be interesting to mention that financial bubbles have existed for centuries and one of the earliest crises of the type in known as the Dutch tulip mania. In the 17th century prices for tulip bulbs rose and finally reached extraordinarily high levels and then collapsed in the blink of an eye. The same happened to the stock of e-companies in the late 90ies. I suppose we can refer to this case as to â€Å"the dotcom mania†. The speculators who represent all the people in the economy that what to get high profits very fast, note the fast increase in value and decide to buy stock in anticipation of further rises, not taking into account that the shares are overvalued. Consequently the rise happens responding to the high demand for stock and many companies thus become grossly overvalued. When the bubble â€Å"bursts†, the share prices fall dramatically, and many companies are forced to leave the business. In order to be more precise, we can name five stages of any financial bubble5: First. Displacement. When people, especially investors, get enamored by a new paradigm, such as an innovative new technology or dotcom companies, as in our case, displacement occurs. That is the first stage of a financial bubble. Second. Boom. At this stage prices rise slowly at first, following a displacement, but then they gain momentum. More and more participants enter the market. All of them are determined to get prosperous as soon as possible. In case of dotcoms, a huge amount of small companies appeared on the market. The low interest rates in 1998-99 helped to increase the start-up capital amounts. Not all of them possessed innovative ideas, but they were sure that in the wave of e-companies they must succeed. No wonder they all had the same business plan of monopolizing their respective sectors through network effects. However it was clear that all of them wouldn't become successful as the competition was tough. For many of them the â€Å"get big fast† plan would fail. During this phase, investors become even more enamored by the asset, considering it once-in-a-lifetime opportunity that increases speculation even more. Mass media also played its role. American respected business publications such as Forbes and the Wall Street Journal, encouraged the public to invest in risky companies in the wave of the wide-spread euphoria. As the result, many â€Å"ordinary† people became investors, some of them even gave up their job to become fill-time traders. Third. Euphoria. During this phase investors as well as the whole financial system forgets about prudence and asset prices skyrocket. During the dotcom bubble, the euphoria stage took place in the beginning of March 2000, when NASDAQ composite reached its top at 5132. 2 in intraday trading before closing at 5048. 62. This and the previous stages can be clearly revealed from the NASDAQ dynamics (see graph 1). Fourth. Profit taking. By this time the warning signs of coming debacle can be seen. This is the point when smart investors can make fortunes by selling out positions and taking profits. However, it is obvious that it's very difficult to estimate the exact time when a bubble is due to collapse. John Maynard Keynes once mentioned that â€Å"the markets can stay irrational longer than you can stay solvent. As for the dotcoms founders, few of them made vast fortunes when their companies were bought out before the collapse. Fifth. Panic. In the panic stage, asset prices change direction and descend as rapidly as they had ascended. Investors and speculators are faced with margin calls, which are â€Å"demands on an investor using margin to deposit additional money or securities so that the margin account is brought up to the minimum maintenance margin†6, and the value of their holding plunge. Consequently, they want to liquidate them at any price. The supply overwhelms demand, and asset prices slide sharply. In 2000 the market index fell by almost 11% and NASDAQ fell by about 41%7. To explain the bubble applying the tools of mathematics, we'll apply the most common concept that shows the existence of bubbles8. Considering the most simple case of price of a single share, the mathematical definition of an asset price bubble uses the fair price of a financial asset as its starting point. The price of an asset is the present value of the future cash flows, generated by the asset. pt =Et(dt+1+pt+1)/(1+r), here dt is dividend, pt is the price of the asset at a certain time t, and Et(i) is the expected value of the expression in the brackets based on the information available at t time. If the interest rate (r) is held constant during the whole period, then share price at t time (pt) in a general form can be given as follows: The first part of the sum on the right, which is the discounted present value of dividends, is the fundamental value of the share (pt * ). The remainder (bt) is a deterministic or the stochastic component satisfying the condition bt = Et(bt+1) /(1 + r), which is the asset price bubble itself. So, if the price of an asset is formed as following: pt =p t*+bt, and if p =? p*, then in the mathematical sense an asset price the bubble is formed. To continue our analysis, let's describe the consequences of the dotcom bubble burst in 2000. Many small companies and some of the largest ones were forced to file for bankruptcy. Some of them ran out of capital, some of them were acquired, some were convicted of fraud in their financial statements. WorldCom, which was one of the leaders in the market was found practicing fraudulent accounting practices to exaggerate its profits every year. As it was revealed, it's stock price fell dramatically, and finally the company filed for bankruptcy. Other examples include NorthPoint Communications, Global Crossing, JDS Uniphase and many others. However, some of the e-companies managed to survive the calamity. Large companies, for example, Amazon. com and eBay, are quite successful nowadays. Google also survived the turmoil and became one of the market leaders. As many economists predicted, harsh recession began from 2001. The crash on the stock market of 2000-2002 caused the loss of $5 trillion in the market value of companies from March 2000 to October 2002: the market value of NASDAQ companies peaked at $6. 7 trillion in March 2000 and bottomed out at $1. 6 trillion in October 20029. The economic bottom was the followed by 9/11 terrorist attacks of the World Trade Center's Twin Towers. CONCLUSION After the case of dotcom crisis the word â€Å"dotcom† started to be used with unfavourable inflecton. It is frequently used to refer to a poorly thought-out unsuccessful businesses. Experts claim that dotcom crisis was one of the events that preceded the global financial crisis in 2008. It was kind of a â€Å"rehearsal†, as the global crisis also contained a speculative bubble, though it embraced a much wider variety of securities. Luckily, the recession following the bubble burst of 2000-2001 was not as deep as it could have been thanks to very aggressive interest rates lowering. However, a deeper downturn in the financial activity is much harder to overcome. The Internet bubble is also similar to the recent downturn because they were both preceded by inadequate risk-measurement and agents' overconfidence. The financial and economic crisis of 2008 could have been predicted, if everyone was more prudent and learned a lesson from the 2000 dotcom case. In conclusion, I'd like to address the issue of a new Internet crisis that is predicted by some economists. Nowadays World Web companies place their stock at unbelievably high prices. Can a successful Internet project cost more than a huge transnational oil company? The common sense says definitely no, but investors have their own specific point of view. For example, the shares of Groupon, a famous discount service, we evaluated at $12,7 trillions, despite the company's loss of $400 trillions the previous year and gross debt equal to $420 millions. This estimation is not reasonable and very far from reality. Meanwhile, the expected IPO of social network Facebook is evaluated at $100 trillions. It can be the beginning of the Dotcom Crisis 2. 0. On the other hand investors are optimistic about e-companies, as they survived the recent global crisis, unlike huge interconnected firms in other fields, such as financial, machinery and so on. However, if the case of Groupon is not unique (which is so, judging by the investors' optimistic mood) the crisis can occur once again. The most important thing in preventing the possible debacle is being prudent. Investors shouldn't be too optimistic and should be sensible when acquiring assets. PR and advertising can be astonishing, however being reasonable means evaluating the real business indicators to make rational decisions. Risk-management is the field that shouldn't be ignored if we want to avoid new crises.